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The experimental set-up of impact bending tests is in principalthe same asforthree-point bending tests(e. g.DIN52186; DIN - EN 310) to determine modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR), whereby the load is applied to the test object in fractions of a second. The aimed result is the shock resistance, which is the ratio of energy causing complete failure related to the crosssection area of the sample.While the fracture energy isthe scalar product of the impact bending force multiplied by the deflection of the sample until complete failure occurs, the same amount of shock resistance can be reached by a sample with high strength but low flexibility, as well as by a sample with low strength but high flexibility. However, in general, brittle wood species(low flexibility) provide a low shock resistance (Widmann, 2009). More characteristics of the fracture behavior can be obtained by evaluating the fracture pattern: brittle wood species show a short-fiber fracture while a tough fracture has a long-fibered appearance (Kerch, 1960). Information on the character of the wood species can be obtained when the impact bending force and the deflection of the sample isrecorded during the test (Broeker & Salamon, 1989). The drawn curve provides information on the characteristics of the testsample within the load-deflection diagram: a short and steep curve (high maximal force and a low deflection) belongs to brittle materials while a long stretched curve (low maximal force) belongs to tough materials (Widmann, 2009). The shock resistance of timber is determined on small, clear specimens with a pendulum impact tester in accordance with DIN 52189. The impact energy applied to the specimen derives from the mass m (kg) and the initial position h (m) of the drop weight. After actuating the release mechanism and the potential energy Epot (Nm), (Equation 1) of the drop weight is transferred into kinetic energy Ekin during free fall and reaches its maximum (Epot = 0; Ekin = max) at the lowest point of the circular path where the sample is positioned. The shock resistance results from the difference between the initial potential energy and the maximal reached potential energy after causing complete failure of the sample. When the pendulum test device is equipped with load and displacement transducers, it is able to interpret force-deflection diagrams and deliver more detailed data on the fracture behavior.

Impact bending tests on large-scale samples are performed using test devices applying the impact load by a drop weight (Widmann, 2009; Kalberer, 2006; Ammann, 2006; Leijten, 2004; Malo, 2004; Sukontasukkul et al., 2000; Jansson, 1992; Mindess & Madsen, 1986). While impact energy and impact velocity v1 (m s-1) (Equation 2) for such a test set-up can be calculated corresponding to pendulum impact tests, the determination of the remaining energy after causing sample failure is more difficult and requires additional electronic measurement equipment.

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Hebei Donwel Metal Products Co., Ltd.

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